1. What is adjacent to the left kidney from the front side and outside?

2. The correct order of renal pedicle elements from front side to back:

3. What muscle is involved in formation of urogenital diaphragm?

4. The pelvic cavity has:

5. An external bladder sphincter is located in:

6. Cystic arteries depart from:

7. At terminal line of pelvis ureter crosses with:

8. In case of nephropexy a deep muscle of lumbar region is used:

9. Urinary tract (urethra) perforates the urogenital diaphragm by:

10. Under pathological conditions a serous fluid (hydrocele) may accumulate between:

11. The concentration of potassium in the blood serum:

13. The nitrogen balance of a healthy person is:

15. Urine formation in kidneys stops under a reduction of systolic blood pressure:

16. In case of stone formation in intramural part of the ureter which disrupt the urodynamic the pain is:

17. In case of stone formation in intramural part of the ureter which disrupt the urodynamic localization and irradiation of pain take place in:

18. In acute parenchymatous prostatitis the pain is:

19. In acute parenchymatous prostatitis the pain is localized:

20. Dysuria occurs in all these diseases, except:

22. Dysuria occurs in all these diseases, except:

23. Strangury occurs in all these diseases, except:

25. Pollakiuria occurs in all these diseases, except:

26. Oliguria is:

27. Secretory anuria is:

29. Polyuria occurs in:

30. Urine retention (urinary difficulty) is:

31. Urinary retention occurs in all mentioned below, except:

32. Incontinence with overflow is:

33. Incontinence with overflow occurs in:

34. Proteinuria is confirmed by the presence of the following amount of protein in urine:

35. Pseudoproteinuria is not typical for:

36. Hematuria is:

37. Terminal hematuria occurs in all these diseases, except:

38. Urethremorrhagia is observed in all mentioned diseases except:

39. Leukocyturia is confirmed by the presence of the following amount of leukocytes in 1 ml of urine:

41. Complications of urethral bougienage are the all mentioned, except:

42. A positive symptom of diaphanoscope is typical for:

43. When administration of radiographic contrast medium intravenously the all mentioned reactions are possible:

44. During an ultrasound scanning, adult kidneys are defined as a formation of ovoid shape, which longitudinal dimension is:

45. Physical therapy is reasonable in:

46. Polycystic kidney disease is:

47. Complications of nephroptosis are all mentioned except:

48. The following forms of hypospadias are distinguished except:

49. Congenital diverticulum differs from the acquired diverticulum by the presence of:

50. The most common cause of hydronephrosis transformation with horseshoe kidney is

51. The main radiological methods of hydronephrosis transformation diagnosis are all mentioned below except:

52. Complications of cryptorchidism are:

53. Pyelonephritis is often caused by:

54. Factors contributing to the occurrence of acute pyelonephritis are:

56. Bacteriaria is confirmed by the presence of the following amount of bacteria in 1ml of urine:

57. The amount of fluid that should be by the patient with acute pyelonephritis is:

58. Complications of acute pyelonephritis are:

60. Firstly affected part in case of chronic pyelonephritis is:

61. Pains in acute paranephritis are:

62. The main symptoms of acute cystitis are mentioned below except:

63. In case of cystitis the following treatments shouldn’t be used:

64. Aseptic uretritis is caused by:

65. A specific symptoms of acute uretritis are all mentioned below except:

66. X-ray examination of the urethra is indicated for:

67. Balanoposthitis is an inflammation of:

68. Complications of balanoposthitis are all mentioned below except:

69. Cavernitis is:

70. Paraphimosis is:

71. Acute epididymitis is characterized by:

72. In case of prostatic gland abscess the following is indicated for treatment except:

73. In case of alkaluria the following stones can be formed:

74. The radiopaque types of stones are mentioned below except:

75. Urine culture is reasonable:

76. The reasons of closed renal injury are:

77. In renal injury a surgical treatment is indicated in case of:

78. Subcutaneous ureteral injury occurs in all mentioned cases, except

79. The main symptoms of rapture of urethra are:

80. The symptom, which is not typical for damaging of penile and perineal parts of urethra is:

81. Phallocrypsis is possible:

82. In case of renal cancer the metastases often occur in:

83. The first manifestation of a tumor of a renal parenchyma in most cases is:

84. What types of renal hematuria are of frequent occurrence?

85. What types of renal tumors are of frequent occurrence?

86. What types of renal tumors are of frequent occurrence?

87. Factors contributing to the occurrence of bladder tumors are the following:

88. The stages of prostate adenoma are differentiated by:

89. The I stage of prostate adenoma is characterized by:

90. The III stage of prostate adenoma is characterized by the following symptoms:

91. One of the following studies can give the definite diagnosis of prostate cancer:

92. A cancer in prostate gland is caused by:

93. Monarchism is:

94. Diagnosis of vesicovaginal fistula (colpocystosyrinx) is based on all the mentioned below except

95. The most sparing method for diagnosis of urological pathology during pregnancy is

96. Crucial importance for the diagnosis of male fertility has:

1. To which part of the large intestine does appendix refer to?

2. What is the average mortality rate from acute appendicitis?

3. What is the most common cause of the acute destructive appendicitis in older patients?

4. Which criteria are the base of the most acceptable classification of the acute appendicitis?

5. What kind of acute appendicitis is not in the generally accepted classification?

6. Which of the following signs of the acute appendicitis can be estimated during the acquisition of medical history?

7. Which of the following complaints does not the patient have with an acute appendicitis?

8. A patient is lying on the back. S(he) is asked to turn on the left side. At that moment the pain is coming or growing in the right side of the ilioinguinal region. Which sign does it mean?

9. A patient is lying on the back. The doctor is making a simple percussion of the anterolateral abdominal wall. The patient feels pain in the right side of the ilioinguinal region. Which sign does it mean?

10. A patient is lying firstly on the back and then s(he) turns to the left side. The doctor is making a palpation of the right side of the ilioinguinal region. The patient feels more pain when s(he) is lying on the left side. Which sign does it mean?

11. The doctor is pressing the abdominal wall on the left side of the ilioinguinal region by his(her) left hand with fingers bringing together. S(he) is pressing sigmoid colon to the ileum. In this position the doctor is pressing 2-3 times the projection of the descending colon by his(her) fingers of the right hand. A pain is coming or growing in the right side of the ilioinguinal region. Which sign does it mean?

12. A patient is lying on the back. The doctor is pressing the abdominal wall of the right ilioinguinal region by his(her) fingers of the right hand and asks the patient to raise his(her) right leg. At that moment the patient has a pain in the right ilioinguinal region. Which sign does it mean?

13. Choose the contra-indication to the appendectomy in case of acute appendicitis.

14. Choose the contra-indication to the appendectomy in case of acute appendicitis.

15. …….is a conglomerate of the tightly welded, inflammatory changed tissues which include the appendix and its formation (сecum, small intestine, omentum).

16. When does the periappendiceal [appendix] mass begin to form after the first signs of the acute appendicitis ?

17. During the outpatient reception hours you suspect that a patient has an acute congestive [catarrhal] appendicitis. What must you do?

18. Volkovich-Kocher sign is ……

19. Which method is unimportant during the diagnostics of the acute appendicitis?

20. How is the position of the vermiform appendix behind the cecum called?

21. Which complication does the following signs indicate: the pain in the right ilioinguinal region, in the underbelly or in the abdomen, signs of the endogenous intoxication and of the the gastric irritation.

22. Which complication of the acute destructive appendicitis is the most severe and has a lethality till 90%?

23. Pylephlebitis is ...

24. Which approach is most frequently used in case ofthe traditional appendectomy?

25. Which point is used in Volkovich-Dyakonov’s approach?

26. Which artery does run in the mesentery of the vermiform appendix?

27. Which supplement surgery do we need in case of a simple congestive [catarrhal] appendicitis?

28. When the planned appendectomy must take place after the treatment of the detection of periappendiceal mass?

30. 76-years patient with transmural [through-and-through] myocardial infarction has a phlegmonous appendicitis. What must you do?

31. What kind of appendectomy is performed in case of difficulties in removal of the appendix to the wound? For example, in case of the adhesive process in the abdominal cavity when the appendix is in retrocecal and retroperitonal position.

32. Which suture is traditionally used in case of immersion of the stump of the appendix in the wall of the cecum during the appendectomy?

33. ... is a method of diagnostic when the doctor examines the abdominal cavity by using the endoscope injected through the anterior incision of the abdominal wall.

34. How to treat periappendiceal [appendix] mass without any signs of festering?

35. What is the most postoperative complication after appendectomy concerning destructive appendicitis?

36. What must you prescribe in case of differential diagnostics of the acute appendicitis and perforated ulcer?

37. Which sign doesn’t refer to the abscess formation of the periappendiceal [appendix] mass?

38. Which complication of the acute appendicitis is characterized by these signs (fever, leukocytosis, frequently liquid [watery] stool, sometimes with tenesmus, frequently painful urination)?

39. What must you do during the appendectomy if there is a peritonitis?

40. It is necessary to differentiate an acute appendicitis from...

41. Which anatomical landmarks are used to find McBurney's point?

42. Which of the following determinations means that there are calculuses in the common bile duct?

43. Which of the following determinations means that there are calculuses in the gallbladder?

44. Which of the following determinations means the removal of the calculuses from the common bile duct?

45. Which of the following determinations means the addition of the fistula to the gallbladder?

46. Which of the following determinations means the removal of the gallbladder?

47. How to call X-ray examination of the bile [biliary, gall] ducts after the introduction of the contrast material in them?

48. How to call a radiographic examination of the gallbladder when the doctor introduces the contrast material which is accumulating in the gall?

50. Where does the inspissation of the bile happen because of the absorption of water and electrolytes?

51. What is the average rate of volume of the gallbladder of an adult?

52. In what structure does the gall-duct exist?

53. What massive structures are the parts of the hepatoduodenal ligament?

54. Which ducts must be fused to form a choledoch?

55. To which area does the common hepatic duct join?

56. How many parts are there in the common hepatic duct?

57. What anatomical structures are the parts of the hepatobiliary triangle (or cystohepatic triangle)?

58. Who suffers more from the cholelithiasis?

59. Which of the following points is not considered to be a predisposing factor for the development of the cholelithiasis?

60. The patient feels pain when the doctor puches the right costal arch by the edge of the hand in case of the acute cholecystitis. Which sign does it mean?

61. The patient feels pain in the right hypochondrium in case of profound palpation if s(he) has the acute cholecystitis. Which sign does it mean?

62. If the patient feels pain in the right sternocleidomastoid muscle in case of profound palpation if s(he) has the acute cholecystitis. Which sign does it mean?

63. The patient can not sigh deeply in case of profound palpation of the right part of the hypochondrium if s(he) has the acute cholecystitis. Which sign does it mean?

64. What is the most typical sign of the acute cholecystitis?

65. Which method is used to detect gallstones?

66. Which criteria form the bases of the most appropriate classification of the acute cholecystitis?

67. Which complication the acute cholecystitis doesn’t include?

68. Which point the complex of conservative treatment of the acute cholecystitis doesn’t include?

69. What is full-hole size of the Choledoch (according to ultra sound)?

70. What is the approach of the surgeon in case of the simple (uncomplicated) acute cholecystitis?

71. By what must the doctor be guided firstly when s(he) decides the issue of the urgency of surgery (operation) in case of the acute cholecystitis?

72. Which vessel must beligated (clipping of vessel) in case of the cholecystectomy?

73. Which vessel must beligated (clipping of vessel) in case of performing of the cholecystectomy?

74. Which kind of the cholecystectomy does not exist?

75. How do we call an oblique incision in the right hypochondrium which is parallel to costal margin or below it in 2-3 cm?

76. What kind of gas is injected in the abdominal cavity during laparoscopic cholecystectomy?

77. What are the components of the Charcot's triad in case of the acute cholangitis?

78. What is the upper limit of the normal concentration of the total bilirubin in the blood serum?

79. What point can not be a cause of jaundice?

80. If there is painless palpable distended gall bladder in case of jaundice, which sign does it mean?

81. What is the most severe complication of obstructive [mechanical, surgical] jaundice?

82. What colour of the urine does the patient with obstructive [mechanical, surgical] jaundice have?

83. What colour of the feces does the patient with obstructive [mechanical, surgical] jaundice have?

84. In which case is the Courvoisier's sign found?

85. Decipher abbreviation ERCP (diagnostic and medical methods in case of diseases of bile passages)

86. What is the drainage of the choledochous duct by Kehr?

87. What is the drainage of the choledochous duct by Pikovsky?

88. What is the most common method of treatment of chronic calculous cholecystitis?

89. Choose the radical intervention which is used in case of cancer of the head of pancreas.

90. If the patient has purulent acute cholecystitis with a lot of pus in gastric air bubble. It means ...

91. Which point does not refer to methods of intraoperative investigation of the biliary tracts?

92. There are pains in the right hypochondriac region. Pains are spastic, sharp, spreading. They irradiate behind the breastbone, in the right bladebone and in the axillary region. The patient has jaundice in 1-2 days after biliary [gallstone, hepatic] colics. Choose the most probable reason of jaundice.

93. Choose parts of the cholecyst (gallbladder)

94. Where is Oddi's sphincter?

95. Where are Heister's valves?

96. ...is the exit of an organ through the wall of the cavity in which it normally resides.

97. ... is the exit of an organ, which is not covered by parietal peritoneum, through the defect as a result abdominal wall is damaged.

98. ... is the falling down of an organ, which is not covered by parietal peritoneum, from its normal anatomical position.

99. Choose the most common kind of external abdominal hernias

100. Which point does not refer to predisposing factors of the development of external abdominal hernia

101. What kind of external abdominal hernias do men commonly have?

102. What kind of external abdominal hernias do commonly women have?

103. Choose the factor of the development of the abdominal (wall) hernia

104. Choose parts of the external abdominal hernia

105. By what the hernial sac of the external abdominal hernia is presented?

106. What is the distinguishing feature of the structure of the sliding abdominal hernia?

107. ....is the hernia sac of the congenital inguinal [groin] hernia

108. Is it possible that children can have a spontaneous recovery of the umbilical hernia?

109. Is it possible that adults can have a spontaneous recovery of the umbilical hernia?

110. Umbilical ring dissected longitudinally. Using Kocher’s clamps the assistant pulls the left edge of the fascia [aponeurosis] and bends it to turn as much as possible its interior. The surgeon tightens and sutures this interior with the right edge of the fascia [aponeurosis] using separate interrupted suture or by U-type silk suture. The surgeon trying to bring the right edge of the fascia [aponeurosis] far if it possible. S(he) lays the left edge of the fascia [aponeurosis] on top of the right edge of the fascia [aponeurosis] and sutures them by interrupted stitches. And then there is an aponeurotic extension of the abdominal wall. What is the treatment of umbilical hernia is described?

111. Umbilical ring dissected in the transverse direction. The surgeon sutures by U-type sutures. Firstly, s(he) sutures the upper fascia [aponeurosis] flap ectoentad by silk. The distance from the edges - 1.5 cm.Then the surgeon, using the same suture do stitches on the lower edge of the fascia [aponeurosis] from outside to inside and from the inside outwards. The distance from the edge of it is only 0.5 cm. Then s(he)suture the upper edge at the same level. Such stitches areusually put 3:1 in the center and 2 on each sides. At the moment of tying the bottom edge of the fascia [aponeurosis] is put under the upper side of the fascia [aponeurosis] and then the surgeon fixes them like duplication. The free edge of the upper flap of the fascia [aponeurosis] is sutured to the surface of the lower flap by interrupted sutures (second row of sutures). What is the treatment of umbilical hernia is described?

112. Under the control of the index finger introduced into the umbilical ring the surgeon puts silk purse-string suture on the fascia [aponeurosis]. Then s(he) tightens and knots this suture. Which treatment of umbilical hernia is described?

113. The surgeon makes vertically a duplication from flaps of the fascia [aponeurosis] of abdominal raphe putting few U-typestiches. Then s(he) sutures the edges of the flap fascia [aponeurosis] to the front wall of the sheath of rectus muscle of abdomen by using interrupted sutures. Which treatment of umbilical hernia is described?

114. What forms the front wall of the inguinal canal?

115. What forms the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?

116. What forms the bottom [fundus] wall of the inguinal canal?

118. What passes through the inguinal canal in men?

119. What passes through the inguinal canal in women?

120. From which material most reticulums, which are used for fixation of the abdominal wall in the area of hernial orifice, are produced?

121. Using this method the restoration of theposterior broken wall of the inguinal canal is achieved by suturing, under the spermatic cord, abdominal internal oblique and transverse muscles with transverse fascia to femoral arch. The spermatic cord is placed on the formed muscular wall. The edges of the fascia [aponeurosis] of the abdominal external oblique muscleare sutured over the edge of the spermatic cord from end to en D. What method of the hernioplasty is described?

122. What inguinal hernias are formed in case of the outpouching of the hernial sac through the internal inguinal ring, corresponding to the lateral inguinal fossa? The hernial sac is covered by vaginal tunic of the spermatic cord and repeats its meatus.

123. What inguinal hernias are formed in caseof the outpouching of the hernial sac throughthe medialinguinal fossa, placed opposite the external hole of the inguinal canal?

124. In case of which inguinal [groin] hernia does hernial outpouching have prolate form, place in the same direction as inguinal canal and frequently sink in the scrotum?

125. In case of which inguinal [groin] hernia does hernial outpouching have rounded and oval form and place by the medial part of the femoral arch, near the external edge of the bosom.

126. With which diseases it is necessary to differentiate inguinal [groin] hernia?

127. The surgeon sutures the abdominal internal oblique muscle and transverse muscle of abdomen with the internal leaf of fascia [aponeurosis] of abdominal external oblique muscle by the same stitch to the femoral arch. Then s(he) makes a duplication of leaves of fascia [aponeurosis]. Which method of hernioplasty is described?

128. This method of hernioplasty contains the surgical removal of inguinal canal, inguinal gap and the formation of inguinal canal with a new direction. The surgeon sutures four anatomic layers (aponeurosis of abdominal external oblique muscle, internal and transverse muscles,transverse fascia, putting them in the same suture) to the pubic taenia and to the inguinal [Poupart's] ligament. The spermatic cord is placed on aponeurosis and the surgeon sutures hypoderm and skin. Which method of hernioplasty is described?

129. What kind of femoral [crural] hernias is the most common?

130. Who commonly has femoral [crural] hernias?

131. The surgeon makes an incision over the hernia protrusion parallel and below the femoral arch. After the removal of the hernial sac, the hernial orifice is closed by suturing 3-4 sutures of inguinal [Poupart's] ligament in the area of the inner crural ring to the periosteum of the pubic bon Е. Which method of hernioplasty is described?

132. The surgeon sutures inguinal [Poupart's] ligament with the periosteum of the pubic bon Е. The first stitch is put near the pubic spine, the last in 1 cm inward from femoral vein. Then the surgeon puts supplemental stitches between crescentic edge of fascia lata and cristate fascia to reinforce the external foramen of the femoral canal. Which method of hernioplasty in case of crural hernias is described?

133. The surgeon makes an incision like in case of inguinal [groin] herni A. S(he) severs inguinal canal, fascia transversalis and s(he) separates the neck of the hernial sac in retroperitoneal fat, near inner foramen of the femoral canal. Last is removed from the femoral canal to the wound, then the surgeon opens and sutures it near the the neck and removes. Hernial orifice is closed by suturing of the femoral arch to Cooper's ligament. The operation is finished by the recovery of the femoral canal. Which method of hernioplasty in case of crural hernias is described?

134. Choose the most frequent and dangerous complication of the hernia

135. What kind of incarceration occurs when intra-abdominal pressure dramatically increase and largerquantity of organs protrude through the hernial ring? Because of narrowness of the hernial orifice and spasms of muscles organs can not return to the abdominal cavity.

136. For which kind of incarceration, the main importance is not physical effort? The main importance is disturbance of intestinalmotor activity or slowing-down of peristalsis. These things can happen in old ag Е.

137. In case of which kind of incarceration there are two intestinal loops in hernial sac and the loop, which connect them, is in the abdomen?

138. In case of which kind of incarceration, the diameter of entodermal canal is not compressed totally in hernial orifice, just that part which is opposite to the mesentery?

139. How to call incarceration of Meckel's diverticulum in the inguinal [groin] hernia?

140. Which pathologicoanatomic changes develop in strangulated bowel loop firstly?

141. What must you do in case of unassisted reduction of incarcerated hernia? (at home, in case of transportation)

142. What must you do firstly in case of herniotomy on the subject of incarcerated hernia?

143. What helps to differ inguinoscrotal hernia from hydrocele?

144. When the surgeon is performing the resection of necrotic loops of intestine (small intestine) How many cm must s(he) proximally step from the visible areas of necrosis on?

145. When the surgeon is performing the resection of necrotic loops of intestine (small intestine) How many cm must s(he) distally step from the visible areas of necrosis on?

146. In case of incarceration of bowel [intestine] loops where do necrobiotic changes happen firstly?

147. Which point does not refer to signs of viability of the gut [bowel]?

148. What preparation is injected to the root of mesentery for the recovery its viability?

149. Among the elements of the spermatic cord, the hernial sac is separated and It plunges into the abdominal cavity without opening. The first suture is put the medial edge of the rete to the periosteum of the pubic bon Е. Then the surgeon put uninterrupted suture the lower edge of the mesh to the femoral arch. Then the surgeon put interrupted sutures on the upper edge of rete to the tendinous part of the internal oblique muscl Е. What method of hernioplasty is described?

150. Choose the right sequence of parts of small intestine [bowel]

151. What is the average length of small intestine?

152. Choose the right sequence of parts of the large intestine [bowel].

153. In case of which bowel [intestinal] obstruction, necrobiotic changes in gut’s [intestine’s] wall develop more quickly, proximal to place obstacles?

154. What kind of the bowel [intestinal] obstruction develops in case of strangulation of hernia?

155. To which kind does the gallstonesobstruction refer to?

156. Which kind of the bowel [intestinal] obstruction is the most common?

157. In case of which bowel [intestinal] obstruction there is sharp and early dyscrasia?

158. Which point does not refer to clinical guiding symptoms of acute intestinal obstruction?

159. What can we find on plan [survey] X-ray film in case of acute intestinal obstruction?

160. In which kind of bowel [intestinal] obstruction there is severe and constant pain?

161. In case of which kind of obstruction, we can find progressive pain syndrome without precise localization?

162. There are reducing of the tone of the anal sphincter and the empty ampoule of rectum. What sign is described?

163. There is local meteorism or outpouching of bowel segment upper than level of obstruction (the apparent asymmetry of the abdomen, palpable intestinal bulge, which is visible by peristalsis and which is heard during the percussion tympanitis). What sign is described?

164. There are horizontal levels of fluid [liquid] and gas cavities above them in the moment of roentgenoscopy [radioscopy] of organs of abdominal cavity in case of bowel [intestinal] obstruction. What sign is described?

165. What is the average duration of shock phase in case of perforation of gastric ulcer or of duodenum?

166. Which phase occurs after shock phase in case of perforation of gastroduodenal ulcer?

167. Which radiological sign is typical for perforation of hollow organ (in case of plan [survey] radiography of organs of abdominal cavity)?

168. To which kind of the J. A.Forrest classification (1974) does ongoing jet ulcerous bleeding refer to?

169. To which kind of the J. A.Forrest classification (1974) does visible large thrombosed vessel refer to?

170. To which kind of the J. A.Forrest classification (1974) does continued capillary ulcerous bleeding, in form of diffuse infiltration, refer to?

171. To which kind of the J. A.Forrest classification (1974) does thick trombus [clot of blood], fixed to ulcerous crater, refer to?

172. To which kind of the J. A.Forrest classification (1974) does absence of stigmas of bleeding in ulcerous crater refer to?

173. To which kind of the J. A.Forrest classification (1974) do small thrombosed vessels in the form of coloredspots, which are visible in ulcer, refer to?

174.Which point does not refer to the general symptoms of hemorrhage [loss of blood]?

175. Which point does not refer to signs of bleeding into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract?

176. Which sign is principal in the diagnostics of the source, of the type and of the character of gastroduodenal bleeding?

177. What must the surgeon do in case of recidivation of bleeding ulcer at hospital?

178. How to call the part of stomach, which adjoin the area of the transition of gullet to stomach?

179. How to call the end of stomach?

180. By what posterior wall of stomach is separated from organs of retroperitoneal space?

181. From which branches of aorta does the stomach get the mainblood supply?

182. Which artery is the the largest artery of the stomach?

183. Where arevagal trunks in the region of stomach in the majority of cases?

184. How to call the operation “surgical incision into the stomach”?

185. How to call the operation“Suture of a perforation of the stomach”?

186. How to call the operation “a surgical procedure for inserting a tube through the abdomen wall and into the stomach”?

187. In case of which method, after the resection of gastric stump, the stomach is suturedand the recovery of the continuity of gastrointestinal tract is effected by anterior and posterior gastroenteroanastomosis?

188. Which method of partial gastrectomy consists of circularexcision of pyloric and antral sections of stomach and of fistulization between the duodenum and the lower part of gastric remnant in type end-to-end?

189. How to call the operation “a partial or total surgical removal of the stomach”?

190. What is the average length of the duodenum?

191. Which shape does the duodenum have?

192…………. a true congenital diverticulum, is a slight bulge in thesmall intestine present at birth and a vestigial remnant of the omphalomesenteric duct.

193. How to call the operation “the surgical incision into an intestine”?

194. How to call the operation “the surgical creation of an opening (fistula) through the skin at the front of the abdomen and the wall of the jejunum”?

195. How to call the operation”an artificial opening (stoma) created in the ileum”?

196. Which kind of small intestine anastomosis is the most physiological?

197. What is the average total length of the large intestine?

198. Which point does not distinguish large intestine [bowel] from small intestine [bowel]?

199. What is thecontinuation of the cecum?

200. What is the continuation of the ascending colon?

201. What is the continuation of the transverse colon?

202. What is the continuation of thedescending colon?

203. What is the average length of the straight intestine?

204. From which branches of aorta do the descending colon and the sigmoid colon get the main blood supply?

205. From which branches of aorta do the right sections of large intestine get the main blood supply?

206. To which venous system does the derivation from the colon take place?

207. How to call the operation “the resection of right part of colon”?

208. What anastomosisis applied to restore continuity of the bowel in case of resection of the right part of the large intestine?

209. What type of bypass anastomosis [bypassed loop] is applied in case of inoperable malignant neoplasms, multiple ulcers and stenosis of the right part of the large intestine [bowel]?

210. What type of bypass anastomosis [bypassed loop] is applied in case of inoperable malignant neoplasms of splenic angle or of descending part of the colon?

211. How to call the operation “application of fistula on large bowel”?

212. How to call the operation “application of fistula on blind gut”?

213. Choose the right spelling of the term “the removal of the appendix“?

214. Choose the right spelling of the term “the removal of gallbladder”?

215. Choose the right spelling of the term “inflammation of gallbladder”?

216. Choose the right spelling of the term “the presence of concrements in common bile duct”?

217. Choose the right spelling of the term “application of fistula on gallbladder”

218. How to call the operation “the resection of the part of the liver”?

219. How to call the operation “application of anastomosis between gallbladder and duodenum”?

220. How to call the operation “application of anastomosis between common bile duct and duodenum”?

221. How to call the operation “application of anastomosis between common hepatic duct and duodenum”?

222. How to call the operation “application of anastomosis between common bile duct and empty intestine”?

223. What is the average length of the pancreatic gland [pancreas]?

224. Of which part does the pancreatic gland [pancreas] consist of?

225. To which organ does head of pancreas adjoin?

226. How to call the operation “application of the anastomosis [fistula] between the cyst (of pancreatic gland [pancreas]) and small intestine [bowel]”?

227. Which point does not refer to endoscopic methods of hemostasia in case of gastroduodenal ulcerous bleeding?

228. By which injection of solutions it necessary to begin infusion-transfusion therapy in case of hemorrhage [loss of blood]?

229. Choose the point in case of which it is necessary to prescribe the fresh frozen plasma transfusion?

230. Choose the point in case of which it is necessary to prescribe the packed red cell transfusion?

231. Which preparation is not used for medicamental suppression of gastric secretion in case ofulcerous bleeding?

232.Which preparation is used for ablation [eradication](Helicobacter pylori) in case of gastric ulcer?

233. How to call the syndrome (sign) which refers to bleeding from a laceration in the mucosa at the junction of the stomach andesophagus.

234. Which is the most probable source of the bleeding from the upper part of gastrointestinal tract the patient with liver [hepatic] cirrhosis have?

235. …………takes the first place among all sources of peritonitis according to occurrenc Е.

236. With what the anteroventral muscle tension connect in case of peritonitis?

237. Which point does not refer to common signs of general [diffuse] purulent peritonitis?

238. What is the most frequent infectious agent in case of peritonitis?

239. Which complication more often does the patient with peritonitis have?

240. What is the principal point in treatment of the patient with peritonitis?

241. The severity of course of peritonitis most depends on all these factors, except……

242.With deficit of which microelement we can associate with thyroid function abnormality?

243. Which point does not refer to parts of thyroid gland?

244. In range of which fascia of neck (by V.N.Shevkunenko) thyroid gland is located?

245. How recurrent laryngeal nerves are located to thyroid gland?

246. What do laryngeal nerves innervate?

247.Recurrent laryngeal nerves are the ……couple of branches of cerebral nerves.

248. Thyroid gland secretes all mentioned hormones except …….

249. Which hormone synthesizes and is secreted by basophil cells of the adenohypophysis?

250. Which hormone synthesizes and is secreted by cells of the median eminence and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus?

251. In which kind of metabolism [exchange] do thyroid hormones take place?

253. How many degrees of increase are there in thyroid gland? (By O.V.Nikolaev)

254. Good palpated lateral lobes, gland is noticeable at the moment of swallowing. Which degrees of increase of thyroid gland is described? (By O.V.Nikolaev)

255. The increase of thyroid gland is noticeable at the moment of examination (“bull neck”) Which degrees of increase of thyroid gland are described? (By O.V.Nikolaev)

256. Gland is not noticeable, just isthmus is palpate D. Which degrees of increase of thyroid gland are described? (By O.V.Nikolaev)

257. Struma is noticeable, configuration of the neck is change D. Which degrees of increase of thyroid gland are described? (By O.V.Nikolaev)

258. Struma is enormous. Which degrees of increase of thyroid gland are described? (By O.V.Nikolaev)

259. Which point does not refer to signs of thyrotoxicosis [Graves' disease]?

260. Which point does not refer to signs of thyrotoxicosis [Graves' disease]?

261. Expand an abbreviationFNAB[FNA] (method of diagnostics of thyroid gland)

262. With the help of a diagnostic method, in case of diseases of thyroid gland, we can understand the degree of extension of struma behand the sternum, and identify the deviation and (or) the compression of the esophagus and of the trachea?

263. How to call the operation “the removal of thyroid gland”?

264. Which preparation [medicine] the patient with the removal of thyroid gland must take for life?

265. Which condition must the patient have for adequate preoperative preparation before the thyroid gland operation [surgery] in case of toxic struma [goiter]?

266. What is the indication for surgical treatment in case of colloid struma [goiter]?

267. Which condition must the patient have for adequate preoperative preparation before the thyroid gland operation [surgery] in case of nontoxic struma [goiter]?

268. How to call collar shaped incision on the front part of the neck that’s 2 cm above the jugular notch of episternum?

269. What is the indication for surgical treatment in case of Basedow's disease [diffuse toxic goiter]?

270. Indications for surgical treatment of diffuse toxic struma [goiter]are all of the above except…………..

271. Which method is the alternative method of the treatment of diffuse toxic struma [goiter]?

272. Which point does not refer to postoperative complications in the surgery of thyroid gland?

273. Degenerative changes in tracheal retractions, their thinning and softening is ……………..

274. How does unilateral lesion of recurrent laryngeal nerve clinically become evident?

275. How does double lesion of recurrent laryngeal nerve clinically become evident?

276. The concentration of which microelement in the blood changes in case of hypoparathyroidism?

277. How does the concentration of calcium in blood serum in case of hypoparathyroidism change?

278. Which point does not refer to background diseases, associated with cancer of the stomach?

279. Choose risk factors of the development of cancer of the stomach?

280. Choose risk factors of the development of cancer of the stomach?

281. What does index T mean in the international classification of cancer of the stomach?

282. What does index M mean in the international classification of cancer of the stomach?

283. What does index N mean in the international classification of cancer of the stomach?

284. Which point does not refer to common signs of oncological disease?

285. Which point does not refer to local signs of cancer of the stomach?

286. Which symptoms [signs] come in the forefront in case of development of cancer of the stomach?

287. Which symptoms [signs] come in the forefront in case of development of cancer of thebody of stomach?

288. Which symptoms [signs] come in the forefront in case of development of cancer in antral part of the stomach?

289. How to call metastatic(al) changes of lymph node above the left part of clavicle which patients, with cancer of the stomach, have?

290. How to call metastatic(al) lesion of ovaries which patients, with cancer of the stomach, have?

291. How to call Douglas metastatic(al) lesion which patients, with cancer of the stomach, have?

292. How to call metastasis of cancer of the stomach to navel?

293. Which method provides the most exact diagnostics of cancer of the stomach?

294. Choose the most frequent morphological kind of cancer of the stomach?

295. Choose the most unfavorable macroscopic kind of cancer of the stomach (prognostic plan)

296. Which volume of organ is removed in case of performing of distal subtotal gastrectomy?

297. How to call the removal (with lesion of organs) of cellular tissue and lymph nodes of the parts of regional metastasis?

298. How to call the operation (surgery), which is performed in case of impossibility of recovery and whose aim is pain relief of the patient or is amelioration of the function of target affected [involved] organ?

299. In which cases does the patient with the fourth stage of cancer of the stomach have operative therapy?

300. Which point does not refer to palliative operations in case of cancer of the stomach?

301. Choose the radical operation (surgery) in case of cancer of the stomach?

302. Which operation (surgery) is performed with the aim of the reduce of acid secretion by the stomach and the reduce of gastric peristalsis.

303. Which operation (surgery) is performed with the aim of relief of evacuation of gastric material. The surgeon cuts longitudinally the pylorus and sutures crosswise

304. How to call the operation in case of which the denervation of body of stomach is performed with the preservation of Latarzhe's nerve?

305. Which complication of gastric surgery is associated with a fast transition of not enough digestible, concentrated mainly carbohydrate food from the stomach into the intestine? There are attacks of weaknessduring ingestion or during the first 15-20 minutes after it.

307. Choose the most characteristic consequence of stem [truncal] vagotomy

308. The deficiency of which of vitamin develops after gastrectomy because of loss of fundus [fundic] glands, which are in the area of body or in the bottom of the stomach?

309.What is the most common sign of disease of the gullet [oesophagus]?

310. What is the average length of the gullet [oesophagus] of the adult?

311. How many anatomical constrictions in gullet [oesophagus]?

312. Which section of the gullet [oesophagus] is the longest?

313. Which section of the gullet [oesophagus] is the shortest?

314. Where is the first constriction of the gullet [oesophagus]?

315. Where is the second constriction of the gullet [oesophagus]?

316. Where is the third constriction of the gullet [oesophagus]?

317. By which epithelium, the mucous coat of esophagus, is lined?

318. Which’s degree of dysphagy described: “difficulties in swallowing of solids, ability to swallow fluid diet”?

319. Which’s degree of dysphagy described: “ability to swallow only liquid”?

320. Which’s degree of dysphagy described: “difficulties in swallowing of liquid and saliva”?

321. Which’s degree of dysphagy described: “inability of transit of food or liquid”?

322. The patient is young, s(he) has dysphagy which increases at the moment of taking liquid [fluid], the absence of weight loss. There is no problem with taking of solid foo D. Choose the diagnosis

323. ………… is chronic disease characterized by the absence or insufficient of reflex relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, so that there is a non-permanent disturbance of the patency of the gullet [oesophagus] caused by the narrowing of its section before the entrance to the stomach and the expansion of upstream areas

324. If the elderly patients havedysphagy, following by loss of weight. What is the diagnosis?

325. Which part of the gullet [oesophagus] is frequently involved in cancer?

326. Which country has the most prevalence of cancer of gullet [oesophagus]?

327. Which point does not refer to precursors of cancer of gullet [oesophagus]?

328. Which point does not refer to most common signs of cancer of gullet [oesophagus]?

329. Which kind of the diagnostics of cancer of the gullet [oesophagus] makes possible to know the tumor staging in the gullet’s [oesophagus’s] wall and the state of adjacent tissues and also to know the state of regional lymph nodes?

330. Which kind of the diagnostics of cancer of the gullet [oesophagus] makes possible to know not only the information concerning localization, length of the affection, but also the information concerning states of organs in general?

331. Which kind of the diagnostics of cancer of the gullet [oesophagus] makes possible, apart from examination of mucous of the gullet [oesophagus], to take its part for morphology and histologic(al) study?

332. How to call the surgical removal of the esophagus in case of its complete dissection or partial dissection?

333. Gullet [oesophagus] in case of complete or partial removal can be replaced by all mentioned organs, except…..

334. Gullet [oesophagus] in case of complete or partial removal can be replaced by all mentioned organs, except…..

335. How to call direct subtotal resection of the gullet [oesophagus] and its plasty by the stomach (performed in cancer of mesothoracic part of gullet [oesophagus])

336. Choose the sign of early cancer of the gullet [oesophagus]

337. By what does esophageal injuries happen mostly?

338. Where do evident changes in the gullet [oesophagus] in case of its chemical trauma [accident] take place?

339. What is optimum procedure of rendering first aid in case of chemical burn of stomach?

340. The most extensive damages of the gullet [oesophagus] develops in case of intake of ……….

341. What is the sign of advanced case of cancer of the stomach?

342. What is used in the diagnostics of foreign bodies in gullet [oesophagus]?

343. In the capacity of palliative operation as appropriate …….is used

344. Esophageal injury can be followed by…..

345. What is the prophylaxis of stricture after the esophageal injury?

346. What is the main cause of reflux-esophagitis?

347. ……… is asiderotic [iron-deficiency] anemia with bald tongue, koilonychias [alonychia] and dysphagy

348. By which methods the doctor can complete the surgery in case of (medical) treatment of cancer of gullet?

349. There are endoscopic laser destruction of tumors and the installation of metal stent in case of cancer of the gullet [oesophagus]. It is…………intervention.

350. Choose the alternative of palliative endoscopic manipulations (stenting, recanalization, dilatation etc) in case of cancer of the gullet [oesophagus]

351. What is the releaser for the development of acute pancreatitis?

352. Which of the following doesn’t belong to the enzymes of pancreas?

353. In processsing of what materials trypsin participates mainly?

354. In processing of what materials amylase participates mainly?

355. Which of the following etiologic factors of acute pancreatitis is more widely spread?

356. Blue-purple spots on side walls of abdomen in case of acute pancreatitis - is a positive syndrome of:

357. Tenderness to palpation in the left costovertebral corner in case of acute pancreatitis is a positive symptom of:

358. What radiological symptom can be identified by general X-ray of organs of abdominal cavity in acute pancreatitis?

359. Choose the name of the operation carried out in case of acute pancreatitis, which consists in removal of free-lying necrotic tissues within the dead tissues;

360. Which of the following objectives doesn’t belong to those of conservative treatment of acute pancreatitis?

361. Which of the following objectives doesn’t belong to those of conservative treatment of acute pancreatitis?

362. The presence of what forme of acute pancreatitis indicates (the most likely) the presence of “rusty” effusion in abdominal cavity?

363. Determining the concentration of what material in blood of a patient with acute pancreatitis has a great diagnostic value the fist 24-hours from the beginning of the desease?

364. Choose from the following methods the one of emergency differential diagnosis of acute pancreatitis with other acute deseases of the organs of abdominal cavity that has no alternative when there is no possibility to make ultrasound or when the study is not informative:

365. Choose the most typical characteristics of vomiting in case of acute pancreatitis:

366. Absence of pulsation of abdominal aorta as a result of the pancreas increasing in size and edema of retroperitoneal fiber in case of acute pancreatitis is a positive syndrome of :

367. The most common agent of pancreatogenic infection is:

368. What diet should be prescribed to a patient with acute pancreatitis the first 24-hours the disease appear?

369. To complications of acute pancreatitis belong all the following answers except:

370. Which of the following operations is not carried out in case of pancreatonecrisis?

371. The pulsation of what vessel is usually determines on the boarder of internal and middle third of inguinal ligament (if we divide the inguinal ligament in three parts)?

372The pulsation of what vessel is usually determined in condyloid groove behind the medial malleolus?

373.The pulsation of what vessel is usually determined in proximal part of the first intermetatarsal space on the outer side of the long extensor of a big toe?

374. The measurement of what parameter is necessary for determining the ankle-brachial index?

375. what is the normal value of the ankle-brachial index?

376 Choose the most exact description of intermittent claudication?

377. Spastic pain in upper and central parts of abdomen, which appear about 20 minutes after a heavy meal is the most typical characteristic for:

380. What of the following is not included in a classical description of Leriche syndrome?

381. In what position do the patients with chronic arterial ischemia of lower limbs the pain at rest is more expressed?

382. Choose the most appropriate description of the foot of a patiend with arterial ischemia of lower limbs:

383. What is the most common reason for developing the Leriche syndrome?

384. Who is more liable to the Leriche syndrome?

385. Which of the following is not a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis?

386. Which of the following is not included in recommendations on the elimination of risk factors of obliterating atherosclerosis of lower limb arteries?

387. Which of the following diagnostic aids allows to determine according to the blood flow character (main and collateral) the blocking of main arteries, the approximate level of occlusion, to measure the blood velocity and pressure in different segments?

388. Which of the following diagnostic aids allows to get the most precise data about the localization and extent of occlusive process in aorto-iliac segment?

389. For obliterating atherosclerosis of lower limb arteries is typical the following:

390. The best method in case of surgical treat ment of Leriche syndrome is the following:

391. Those more liable to obliterating thromboangitis are:

392. Which vessels are most affected in case of obliterating thromboangitis?

393. A young man who smokes complains about numbness of fingers, chill, sudden weakness in limbs, pain and other unpleasant sensations in legs and hands (tingling, burning), during walks he feels sharp in legs. What is the most likely diagnosis?

394. How in other words can be called obliterating thromboangitis?

395. What plays the main role in prevention of obliterating thromboangitis?

396. What vessels are affected in case of obliterating thromboangitis?

397. Angiography revealed the segmental symmetrical vasoconstriction, “corckscrew” collateral vessels. What disease is characterized by this description?

398. Angiography revealed asymmetry and diffusive damage throughout a vessel. What disease is characterized by this description?

399. Which of the following drugs used in treatment of patients with obliterating diseases of lower limb vessels belongs to the groupe of disaggregant?

400. Which of the following treatment methods of obliterating atherosclerosis belongs to endovascular?

401How is called a reconstructive operation of revascularization of lower limbs when fistulizing between aorta and femoral arteries passing the obstacles on the way to blood flow?

402How is called an operation elimination of arterial wall affected by atherosclerotic plaques?

403. How is called a surgical technique of establishment of blood flow in the trunk of deep femoral artery by means of plastic dilatation of its diameter?

404. What are the most common source of arterial embolism?

405. Which of the following diseases are most common at patients with arterial embolism?

406.The main symptom of embolism of peripheral arteries is:

407. Which of the following doesn’t belong to manifestations of embolism of peripheral arteries?

408. What stage of acute arterial ischemia is described here (according to the classification of V.S.Saveliyev): no pain and tactile sensitivity, restricted active and passive movements in joints, muscle contracture is developing, the skin is cyanotic?

409. What stage of acute arterial ischemia is described here (according to the classification of V.S.Saveliyev): sensitivity and movements are preserved, there is acute pain in a limb, pale and cold skin, no pulse on peripheral arteries?

410. What stage of acute arterial ischemia is described here (according to the classification of V.S.Saveliyev): all types of sensitivity and mobility are lost. In the end develops gangrene of the limb?

411. What stage of acute arterial ischemia is described here (according to the classification of V.S.Saveliyev): feeling of coldness, numbness, paresthesia?

412. What stage of acute arterial ischemia is described here (according to the classification of V.S.Saveliyev): disorder of sensibility and movements – paresis?

413. What stage of acute arterial ischemia is described here (according to the classification of V.S.Saveliyev): besides feeling of coldness, numbness and paresthesia there is pain in distal areas of the limb?

414. What stage of acute arterial ischemia is described here (according to the classification of V.S.Saveliyev): disorder of sensibility and movements- plegia?

415. What stage of acute arterial ischemia is described here (according to the classification of V.S.Saveliyev): partial muscle contracture?

416. What stage of acute arterial ischemia is described here (according to the classification of V.S.Saveliyev): total muscle contracture?

417. What stage of acute arterial ischemia is described here (according to the classification of V.S.Saveliyev): subfascial edema?

418. What time after onset of peripheral arterial embolism we can expect the best results of surgical treatment?

419. The most perfect instrument for embolectomy from the main artery is:

420. The operation embol- and thromboectomy in case of acute obstruction of aortic and arterial bifurcation of limbs with of severe ischemia is indicated in all cases except:

421. In case of femoral artery embolism and developed limb contracture in ankle and knee joints the method of choice is:

422. What state can be expected if we restore blood flow in a long-standing ischemic limb?

423. The most common reason for acute thrombosis of lower limbs’ arteries is:

424. From the following preparations to the group of thrombolytics belongs:

425. A patient with widespread atherosclerosis began complaining for sharp pain throughout the abdomen, vomiting, abdominal distention, diarrhe A. Choose the most likely diagnosis:

426. What is the average length of colon at an adult human?

427. What part is absent in rectum?

428. Which unconditional stimulus causes the act of defecation?

429. What epithelium is the rectum ampulla covered with?

430. What epithelium is the anal canal covered with?

431.What is the boundary between the rectum ampulla and anal canal?

432. Which of the following arteries is unpaired?

433. Which of the rectal veins is a part of portal vein system?

434. How is called a method of medical diagnosis when they perform a visual examination of the mucuous membrane of rectum and distal parts of sigmoid colon?

435. What is the radiologic examination of the large intestine with retrograde introduction in it a radiopaque product?

436. How is called a diagnostic medical procedure during which the endoscopist examines and evaluate the state of internal surface of the large intestine using a special probe?

438. What is a hemorrhoid in structural terms?

439. What is the most typical localization of enlarged internal hemorrhoids (by “dial” in a supine position):

440. Hemorrhoidal plexus are located more distal to the dentate line, in the anal canal, lined with anoderm, covered with stratified squamous epithelium is the hemorrhoid:

441. Due to the peculiarities of innervations what hemorrhoids mostly have nociception?

442. To complications of hemorrhoid belong all the following except:

443.What stage of chronic hemorrhoid is characterized by the discharge of scarlet blood from the anus during the process of defecation without prolapsed hemorrhoids?

444. What stage of chronic hemorrhoid is characterized by periodical prolapsed hemorrhoids from the anus so that it is necessary to set them right with hands (with or without bleeding)?

445. What stage of chronic hemorrhoid is characterized by constant prolapsed hemorrhoids from the anus together with mucous membrane of the rectum, impossibility to set them right into the anal canal using manual aids (with or without bleeding)?

446. What stage of chronic hemorrhoid is characterized by prolapsed hemorrhoids, but with their own setting right into the anal canal (with or without bleeding)?

447. What method is radical in the treatment of chronic hemorrhoid at 3-4 stage?

448. To minimally invasive methods of the chromic hemorrhoid treatment belong all the following except:

449. What is the ability to control defecation and/or urination and restrain the stool and/or urine?

451. How is called an acute inflammation of tissue located around the rectum, which is provided by the incidence from the rectal lumen?

452. Which of the following is not included in a clinical picture of acute periproctitis?

453. The treatment of acute periproctitis:

454. To complications of acute periproctitis belong all the following except:

455. The cancer in what localization is characterized by the predominance in the clinical picture the effects of general intoxications over the disorders of passage of intestinal content?

457. The large intestinal cancer of what localization is characterized by the longer asymptomatic period, less expressed and the rare pain syndrome with the formation of complete of partial intestinal obstruction in 84% of cases?

460. In what part of brain there is a “respiratory center”?

461. The symptom of “drumsticks” is the sign of:

462. What complication is not typical for chronic abscesses of lungs?

463A purulent ichorous necrosis of a considerable part of pulmonary tissue, in most cases of one or two lobes or even the whole lung, without distinct signs of demarcation, which has a tendency to the further diffusion and manifests itself with a severe general condition of a patient ; it is:

464. What symptom is more constant in a clinical picture of the chronic pulmonary abscess?

465. Nonspecific imflammation of pulmonary tissue which results in dissolution with the formation of purulo-necrotic cavities is:

466. What treatment mode if the principal in case of cancer of lung?

467. The passage of purulent sputum mixed with the blood “full mouth” is typical for:

468. The most efficient method of sanitization of tracheobronchial tree is:

469. How is called the operation of removing a lobe of a lung?

470. The patient’s condition is serious. He has dyspneaand fever. On the radiogram of the chest there is a cavity with the liquid level in the projection of the upper lobe on the right. The most likely diagnosis is:

471. After the burst of acute solitary pulmonary abscess into the bronchus there can be observed the following symptoms except:

473. Subpleural pulmonary abscess is more often complicated by:

474. The pulmonary gangrene is characterized by:

476. Prolonged hemoptysis with dry cough makes us suspect:

477. Which of the following is the complication of the lung cancer more often?

478. Cancer of Pancoast is:

479. To oncological counterindication for operation an case of lung cancer belong:

480. In case of the cancer of the main bronchus there indicated:

481. The principal method for setting a diagnosis of the central lung cancer is:

482. Lung tissue is blood supplied by:

483. The functions of lungs are the following:

484. Lung cancer metastasizes:

485. The most severe complication of the central lung cancer is:

486. To define the stage of the lung cancer it is necessary to have data about:

487.What is the most widespread histological type of the lung cancer?

488. What does belong to the criteria of inoperability in case of lung cancer?

489. If on the radiogram there defined the hypoventilation of a segment, lobe or the whole lung, the doctor should first eliminate:

490. Early detection of the lung cancer is possible when:

491. Who does have varicose vein disease more often?

492. Which vein system is more often affected in case of various disease of lower limbs?

493. In the genesis of various disease all the following matter except:

494To common complaints of patients with various vein disease of lower limbs belong all the following except:

495. To external manifestations of various vein diseases belong all the following except:

496. Which instrumental method does have a main role in the diagnosis of defeats of lower limbs venous system?

497. To the group of vein tonics belong all the following preparations except:

498. Which of the components of the conservative treatment of varicous disease allows to improve significantly the activity of muscle-venous shank pump, to reduce the swelling, heaviness and bursting pain in legs?

499. What is the main aim of surgical treatment of varicous disease of lower limbs?

500. How is called the operation – vein removal?

501. How is called the operation of ligation and intersection of a great suphenous vein and its main affluxes in the area of their return in deep femoral veins?

502.The syndrome characterized by the venous outflow disorders, which leads to disorganization of regional system of microcirculation is the following:

503. What leads to the appearance of abnormal, retrograde blood flow, which is the main factor of the microvasculature damage?

504. Which of the following does not belong to the most important risk factors of the development of chronic venous insufficiency?

505. Post-thrombotic syndrome of lower limbs is the result of:

506. To complications of varicous disease of lower limbs belong all the following except:

507. What operation is fulfilled more often in case of ascendic thrombophlebitis of a great saphenous vein?

508. Name the most severe complication of thrombosis of deep veins of lower limbs:

509. Factors that contribute to improving of venous blood flow in lower limbs in the post-operational period are all the following except:

510. The acute thrombophlebitis of superficial veins is characterized by:

511. Which of the following is the counterindications to laparoscopic cholecystectomy?

512. Which of the following is the counterindications to laparoscopic appendectomy?

513. Diagnostic laparoscopy is indicated in all the following cases except:

514. How is called a canula with cannula and mandarin used for pneumoperitoneum application when performing laparoscopic operations?

515. Choose the safest way for carboxiperitoneum application when performing laparoscopy on patients who earlier had operations on the abdominal organs:

516. The damage of which organ is more likely when applying carboxiperitoneum for laparoscopy operations?

517Which of the following operations is more often performed with a laparoscopic way?

518. Outpouching of the wall of artery (more rare -vein) as a result of its thinning or distension is:

519. What is the normal concentration of the whole protein in blood serum of an adult person?

520. What is the normal hemoglobin content in blood serum of an adult man?

521 What is the normal hemoglobin content in blood serum of an adult woman?

522. What is the normal leukocyte content in blood serum of a healthy person?

523. What item is filled in the first in a medical history of a patient?

524. What item in a medical history is traditionally filled in after describing the patient’s complaints?

525. Which of the following suture materials is absorbable?

526. Which of the following suture materials is nonabsorbable?

527. Which of the following suture materials is natural?

528.Which of the following is detachable from colostomy?

529.Which control study is performed before removing the drainage of common bile duct after choledocholithotomy?

530. Which of the following in the main reason of postoperational peritonitis and lethality after the operation on stomach and intestine?

531. Collapse of a part of lung is:

532. The clinical picture of what postoperational complication is described: it usually develops on the 4-10rd day after the operation. A sudden dyspnea and collapse, cyanosis, hypotension, hemoptysis.

533.A clinical picture of what postoperational complication is described: abdominal distension, vomiting, constipation. Abdominal muscle tension, tympanitis, absence of intestinal murmur.

534. Endoscopic laser destruction of a tumor and setting of a bare metal stent in case of cancer of esophagus is the intervention:

535. What time after the first signs of acute appendicitis there begins to form a periappendiceal mass?

536.The most common agent of pancreatogenic infection is:

537. According to the frequency the first among peritonitis sources is:

538. Who has the cholelithiasis more often

539.What drug is introduced in to the root of mesentery in order to restore its vitality?

540. What radiologic symptom is typical for the perforation of hollow organ (when performing the survey radiography of abdominal organs)?

541. In case of which inguinal hernia the hernial outpouching has an oblong form, localized along the inguinal canal and often goes down to the scrotum?

542. TO predisposing factors of external abdominal hernias does not belong:

543.Which of the following does not belong to the signs of intestine vitality?

544.What diseases should the inguinal hernia be differentiated with?

545. Which of the following steps of hernitomy would you perform the first in case of the strangulated hernia?

546.Who has femoral hernia more often?

547.What is the posterior wall of stomach is separated with from the organs of retroperitoneal space?

548. What type of intestinal obstruction appears in case of strangulation of hernia?

549. What will be your approach in case of unassisted reduction of incarcerated hernia (at home, when transportating a patient)?

550.Abasement of internal organs not covered with parietal peritoneum through the defect as a result of the damage of abdominal wall under the skin or outside it is called:

551. A palpable painless cholecele in case of jaundice is a positive symptom of:

552. Which of the following does not belong to the methods of perioperative examination of biliary tracts?

553.What is the normal diameter of the common bile duct (according to the ultrasound data)

554. What criteria form the basis of the most acceptable classification of the acute cholecystitis?

555. What is the distinctive feature of the sliding abdominal hernia structure?

556. What takes place in the men’s inguinal canal?

557. What criteria form the basis of the most acceptable classification of the acute appendicitis?

558. The treatment of the periappendiceal mass with no signs of suppuration is the following:

559. Which of the following drugs is not used for medicamental suppression of gastric secretion in case of ulcerous hemorrhage?

560. What is the most common type of the external abdominal hernia?

561. Which of the following methods is the principal in the diagnostics of the source, type and nature of gastroduodenal hemorrhage?

562. In case of what type of obstruction there is observed a slowly progressing pain syndrome without clear localization?

563.What type of ileo-enteric anastomosis is more physiological?

564. Which of the following notions means the removal of gallbladder?

565. A patient can’t take a breeth when performing a deep palpation in a right subcostal area – in case of cholecystitis it is a positive symptom of

566. In case of differential diagnostics of acute appendicitis and perforated gastric ulcer it is reasonable to prescribe firstly:

567.What complication of the acute destructive appendicitis is the most severe and is accompanied by lethality up to 90%?

568. Choose the right sequence of small intestine parts:

569. Being a part of what anatomic lump does the common bile duct passe?

570. Which of the following notions means the presence of stones in common bile duct?

571. The syndrom of Kocher-Volkovitch in case of acute appendicitis is:

572. What is the radical intervention performed in case of cancer of head of pancreas?

573. What diagnostic method is optimal for stone detecting in gallbladder?

574. What access is used more often in case of traditional appendectomy?

575. In case of what type of intestinal obstruction there rap?dly develop necrotic changes in the intestinal wall proximal to oobstacle place?

576. Tenderness when percussing the right costal margin with the sharp of the hand in case of acute cholecyctitis is a positive syndrome of:

577. What is the most common reason of the acute destructive appendicitis at old people?

578. What anatomic landmarks are used to find the McBurney’s points?

579. Which of the following notions mean the removal of stones from the common bile duct?

580. In case of what type of strangulation there are two intestinal loops in the hernial sac and the connecting loop is localized in the abdominal cavity?

581. In case of intestinal loop strangulation the necrobiotic changes take place first of all in:

582. The rupture of the wall of gastroesophageal junction with hemorrhage is called in other words:

583. How is called the operation –anastomosis applying between the gallbladder and duodenum?

584. Name the most common treatment mode of chronic calculous cholecystitis:

585.What gaz is introduced in abdominal cavity in case of laparoscopic cholecystectomy?

586. On the survey radiography of abdominal cavity in case of acute intestinal obstruction there can be seen the following:

587. In diagnostics of acute appendicitis all the following methods matter except:

588. When a patient is in a dorsal position they press the abdominal wall with outstretched right hand fingers in a right ilioinguinal area and ask a patient to raise his right leg straightene D. If a patient feels pain in a right ilioguinal area when raising a leg, it is a positive symptom of:

589.Diagnostic method which consists in examining the abdominal organs using endoscope, introduced through the incision of the anterior abdominal wall, is called:

590.How much bile does the liver of a healthy person produce per day?

591. The positive symptom of Courvoisier occurs more often in case of:

592. The branches of what pair of cerebral nerve are recurrent laryngeal nerve?

593. How is called the operation – applying of stomach fistula?

594. Where does the common bile duct open?

595. What diseases should the inguinal hernia be differentiated with?

596. Which of the diagnostic methods ensure the more exact diagnosis of gastric cancer?

597.The thyroid gland secretes all the following hormones except:

598.Which of the following does not belong to the common hemorrhage symptoms?

599.What is the average length of duodenum?

600. What duct should be ligated (clipped) and cut across when performing cholecystectomy?

601. How is called the operation – dissection of small intestine wall?

602. What are the parts of pancreas?

603. What form does the duodenum have more often?

604.What passes in the women’s inguinal canal ?

605. The most likely source of hemorrhage from the upper parts of gastrointestinal tract at patients with hepatic cirrhosis is:

606. The reason of mechanical jaundice can be all the following except:

607.The surgeon’s policy in case of simple (non complicated) acute cholecystitis is the following:

608.To common symptoms of oncology diseases belong all the following except:

609. The common bile duct is made up with the fusion of the following ducts:

610. Which of the following does not belong to endoscopic methods of hemostasis in case on gastroduodenal ulcerative hemorrhage?

611. Choose the right variant of the term “removal of vermiform appendix”

612. What anatomic structures make up the Calot’s triangle?

613. What symptoms do come into the picture in case of tumor development in forestomach?

614. Which of the following factors is not the risk factor of atherosclerosis development?

615. What stage of acute hemorrhoid is characterized by constant abasement of hemorrhoids from the anal canal together with the mucuous membrane of rectum, inability to set it into the anal canal using manual handling (with or without hemorrhage )?

616.What is the most widespread disease of the large intestine and rectum?

619. Name the alternative for palliative endoscopic (stenting, recanalization, dilatation et C.) manipulations in case of inoperable cancer of esophagus:

620. The most likely reason of acute thrombosis of lower limb arteries is:

621. To Background diseases associated with the development of gastric cancer belong all the following except:

623. What method can be the alternative to the surgical treatment of diffuse toxic goiter?

624. Which of the following does not belong to the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis?

625. How is called the operation, performed when it’s impossible to treat the illness and it is oriented on suffer relief of a patient or improving the function of the affected organ?

626. Which of the following does not belong to the most typical symptoms of the cancer of esophagus?

627. How can be called a diffuse toxic goiter in other words?

628. Blue-violet spots on side walls of abdomen in case of acute pancreatitis is a positive syndrome of:

629. What vitamin deficiency develops after gastrectomy as a result of the loss of fundus glands located in the body and bottom area of stomach?

630.What is the continuation of blind gut?

631.What organ is the head of pancreas adjacent to?

632. Which of the following does not belong to postoperational complication in a thyroid gland surgery?

633. The pulsation of what vessel should be defined on the boarder of internal and middle third of the inguinal ligament (if we divide the inguinal ligament into three parts )?

634. Which of the following symptoms of acute appendicitis can be assessed when disease history taking?

635.How is called the operation –applying of the ileum fistula?

636. If the esophagus is removed completely or partially, it can be substituted by all the following organs except:

637. What condition can be expected in case of restoration of blood flow in a long-term ischemic limb?

638. How is called the part of stomach adjacent to the entrance(to the place when the esophagus turns to the stomach)?

639. How is called the operation of ligation and intersection of a great saphenous vein and her main tributarives in a place of its inflow into the deep femoral veins?

640. Which of the following diseases are more often at patients with arterial embolism?

641. Which method is radical in the treatment of chronic hemorrhoid of 3-4th stage?

642. Which of the following serves as a manifestation of cancer of lung the most often?

643. How is called a radiologic examination of the large intestine with retrograde introduction of rentgenocontrast preparation in it?

644.In the rectum there is no such a part:

645. What vessels are affected more often in case of the Winiwarter-Buerger’s disease?

646. The acute thrombophlebitis of superficial veins is characterized by:

647. What should the acute appendicitis be reasonably differentiated with?

648. Passage of purulent sputum with “full mouth” is typical for

649. Degenerate changes in tracheal cartilages, their thinning and softening – that is:

650. What state should be gained for adequate preoperative preparation before operation on thyroid gland in case of toxic goiter?

652. What stage of chronic hemorrhoid is characterized by abasement of hemorrhoids but with independent setting in the anal canal (with or without hemorrhage)?

653. To palliative operation in case of gastric cancer belong all the following except:

654. What part of the esophagus is the longest?

655. Which of the following does not belong to manifestations of peripheric artery embolism?

656. What innervates the recurrent laryngeal nerves?

657. Which of the following does not belong to enzymes of pancreas?

658. Choose the correct spelling of the term “presence of concretion in common bile duct”?

659. What radiological symptom can be defined on the survey radiography of abdominal organs in case of acute pancreatitis?

660. How is called the operation – resection of half of the colon?

661. How is called the reconstructive operation of lower limbs with fistulization between the aorta and femoral arteries passing the obstacles to the bloodstreams?

662. What symptoms do come to forefront more often in case of tumor in the antrum?

663. Unilateral damage of the recurrent laryngeal nerve is manifested clinically in a following way:

664.Where does the bile inspissates due to absorption of water and electrolytes?

665. What forms the anterior wall of inguinal canal?

666. In case of detection of the catarrhal appendicitis it is necessary to complete the operation with:

667.How is called the exit part of stomach?

668. Which of the following does not belong to predisposing the factors of the development of cholelithiasis?

669. How is called the operation- applying of fistula between the cyst (of pancreas) and small intestine?

670. Which of the following complication do the patients with peritonitis have more often?

671. Relaxation of anal sphincter and empty balloon-like rectal ampulla is a positive symptom of:

672. Where is the third constriction of esophagus?

673. The indications to the surgical treatment of diffuse toxic goiter are the following except:

674. Which aortic branch provides the main blood supply of right areas of the large intestine?

675. The deficiency of what microelement is connected with the disorder of thyroid gland function?

676.What color does the urine of a patient with mechanic jaundice become?

677. What vessek should be ligated (clipped) in case of cholecystectomy?

678. What is indicated with the index T in the international classification of stomach cancer?

679. Name the parts of gallbladder

680. Drainage of the common bile duct according to Cocher is:

681.What is the hemorrhoid according to the structure?

682. Which of the following complications of hernia is the most frequent and dangerous?

683. What type does the cholelithic obstruction belong to?

684. What anatomic structures does the root of lung consist of?

685. Which of the following preparations used for the treatment of the patients with obliterating diseases of lower limb vessels, belong to the group of disaggregants?

686. How is called the medical diagnostic technique when there takes place the visual examination of the mucous membrane of rectum and distal parts of the sigmoid colon?

687.Which venous system is affected by the varicose disease more frequently?

688. Which component of the conservative treatment of varicose disease improves the activity of the muscle-venous pump of shank, reduce swelling and cut short the heaviness and aching of legs?

689. Which of the following is the contraindication to laparoscopic appendectomy?

690.TO the group of thrombolytics belong:

691. The damage of what organ is more possible in case of applying the carboxyperitoneum for laparoscopic operations?

692. The normal haemoglobin content in blood serum of an adult man is the following:

693. Which part of the large intestine does the vermiform appendix belong to?

694. The conglomerate of tightly matted together inflammated tissues, including the appendix itself and the surrounding blind gut, small intestine, omentum-is:

695. The main symptoms of diffuse purulent peritonitis are the following except:

696. The external manifestations of varicose disease of lower limbs can be the following except:

697. Which branch does the stomach get the main blood supply from?

698. The obliterating atherosclerosis of lower limb arteries is characterized by:

699. Absence of pulsation of the abdominal aortic region as a result of the pancreas increase in size and edema of retroperitoneal tissue in case of acute pancreatitis is the positive symptom of:

700. A patient is in a dorsal position; they perform light percussion of the anterior abdominal wall. When manipulating in the right ilioinguinal region there is a distinct painfulness. It is the positive symptom of:

458. Name the most common localization of distant metastases of colorectal cancer:

456. What chronic disease should be excluded the first before treating the chronic hemorrhoid?

617. Which of the following treatment modes of obliterating atherosclerosis belong to endovascular?

378. What symptom can be determined when auscultating the lower limb in case of stenosis?

622. Choose the most typical consequence of the truncal vagotomy:

651. What is the continuation of descending colon?